Obstructive Airway Diseases

• Asthma: Episodic wheeze and breathlessness from inflamed airways, managed with inhalers and ongoing review.
• COPD: Irreversible airflow obstruction from smoking or biomass fuel exposure, common across Andhra Pradesh.
• Bronchiectasis: Dilated infected airways causing persistent cough and thick sputum production.
• ABPA: Allergic Bronchopulmonary Aspergillosis causing fungal airway disease in asthma patients.

Lung Infections — High Burden in Andhra Pradesh

• Pneumonia: Community-acquired and hospital-acquired pneumonia requiring inpatient or outpatient management.
• Pulmonary Tuberculosis: Active TB and drug-resistant TB managed with standard and second-line antitubercular regimens using GeneXpert-guided diagnosis.
• Lung Abscess: Localised pus collection in lung tissue from infection, managed with antibiotics and drainage.
• Fungal Lung Infections: Aspergillosis, mucormycosis and other fungal infections evaluated and treated with antifungal therapy, particularly in immunocompromised patients.
• Post-Infectious Lung Fibrosis: Scarring following severe TB, COVID-19 or pneumonia causing persistent breathlessness.

Interstitial and Inflammatory Conditions

• Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD): Lung fibrosis from autoimmune, occupational or idiopathic causes, evaluated with HRCT and managed with specialist therapy.
• Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis: Inflammatory lung reaction from occupational or agricultural antigen exposure, relevant in the Andhra Pradesh farming population.
• Sarcoidosis: Multi-system granuloma condition with lung involvement requiring staged assessment and treatment.

Pleural Conditions

• Pleural Effusion: Fluid around the lung from infection, malignancy or heart failure requiring drainage and investigation.
• Empyema: Pus in the pleural space from untreated or complicated infection, requiring drainage and antibiotic treatment.
• Pneumothorax: Collapsed lung managed with intercostal drainage or conservative care based on clinical presentation.

Critical and Advanced Conditions

• Respiratory Failure: Acute or chronic failure managed with supplemental oxygen, NIV or mechanical ventilation as indicated.
• ARDS: Bilateral lung failure in critically ill patients managed with ICU-level respiratory support via the MICU at Vijayawada.
• Pulmonary Hypertension: Elevated pulmonary artery pressure causing progressive breathlessness and right heart strain.
• Lung Cancer: Lung mass or haemoptysis evaluated and referred for oncology coordination.

Sleep-Related Breathing Disorders

• Obstructive Sleep Apnea: Airway collapse and snoring during sleep managed with CPAP therapy after sleep study.
• Hypoventilation Syndromes: Reduced breathing effort during sleep in selected patients with obesity or neuromuscular conditions.